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Treaty of London (1604)
The Treaty of London, signed on 18 August O.S. (28 August N.S.) 1604,〔see Old Style and New Style dates: the date is brackets the Gregorian Calendar used in Spain but not Britain at that time〕〔Ratified by the King of Spain on and ratified on 5/15 June 1605 and by King James I on 19/29 August 1604〕〔Davenport, pp. (246 )– (257 )〕 concluded the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War. The negotiations took place at Somerset House in London and are sometimes known as the Somerset House Conference.
==Background==
After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, her successor, James I, quickly sought to end the long and draining conflict. James was an idealistic practitioner of Christian peace and unity, and also the son and successor to Mary, Queen of Scots, whose execution had been a proximate cause of the conflict. Philip III of Spain, who also had inherited the war from his predecessor, Philip II, and whose treasuries had also been drained, warmly welcomed the offer and ordered the commencement of the difficult negotiations that followed.
The Anglo-Spanish War had been a complex and fluctuating conflict which also had connections with the Dutch Revolt, the French Wars of Religion, and the Nine Years' War in Ireland. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum.〔Hiram Morgan, ‘Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585-1604’, ''History Ireland'', Vol. 14, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 2006), p. 43.〕〔Paul Allen, ''Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621'' (New Haven, 2000).〕 This amounted to an acknowledgement by Spain that its hopes of restoring Roman Catholicism in England were at an end. Spain was compelled to recognise the Protestant monarchy in England. In return, England ended its financial and military support for the Dutch rebellion, ongoing since the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585).〔"The terms, ironically, were similar to those that Philip II had sought prior to the Spanish Armada in 1588, namely the cessation of English intervention on the Continent and a renunciation of high seas buccaneering—which, in any case, had been delivering at best diminishing returns following the Spanish navy’s refitting in 1589. Spain had achieved many of its war aims but, like England, had nearly emptied its treasury in the process." (Ulm, Wes: ''The Defeat of the English Armada and the 16th-Century Spanish Naval Resurgence.'' Harvard University, 2004 )〕 According to historian Kenneth R. Andrews, while the treaty secured the maritime lanes for the Spanish treasure fleet, English privateering had already devastated the Spanish private merchant marine.〔
Following the signing of the treaty, England and Spain remained at peace until 1625.
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